Since the early 1900s, there have been at least eleven serious viral outbreaks, caused by pandemic pathogens which span five virus families. Examples are Monkeypox virus, Ebola and the resurgence of polio. Epidemics can also be vector-borne, e.g. Zika or Chikungunya. In addition, many other new viruses have been emerging in recent decades driven by population growth, climate change, human behaviour, increased zoonotic transmission from animals and habitat loss.